Which type of stem cells can differentiate into all three germ layers?

Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into all three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This ability is significant because these germ layers give rise to all the various tissues and organs in the body during embryonic development. Pluripotent cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, a very early stage of embryonic development.

Totipotent cells, while they can also differentiate into all cell types, including extra-embryonic tissues like the placenta, are limited to the earliest stages of development. Once differentiation has progressed to pluripotent cells, they can no longer form an entire organism on their own.

Multipotent stem cells are limited to differentiating into a more restricted range of cell types, typically confined to a specific tissue or organ. For instance, hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent and can develop into various types of blood cells, but not into cells outside the blood lineage.

Unipotent cells can only differentiate into one type of cell, signaling their role in tissue regeneration and repair but lacking the versatility seen in pluripotent or totipotent stem cells.

Thus, the defining characteristic of pluripotent stem cells is their