The posterior pituitary releases which of the following hormones?

The posterior pituitary is responsible for the release of two primary hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, and oxytocin. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and secreted into the bloodstream.

ADH regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus focusing on maintaining blood pressure and volume. Oxytocin is crucial for various physiological functions, including stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth and promoting milk ejection during breastfeeding.

In contrast, cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and is involved in the stress response and metabolism regulation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced by the anterior pituitary and play essential roles in regulating the reproductive system. Growth hormone, also secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in the body.

Thus, the posterior pituitary specifically releases ADH and oxytocin, making that option the correct choice.